![]() ![]() In the case of Justinian’s plague, the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea traced the origins of the plague (the Yersinia pestis bacteria) to China and northeast India, via land and sea trade routes to Egypt where it entered the Byzantine Empire through Mediterranean ports.ĭespite his apparent knowledge of the role geography and trade played in this spread, Procopius laid blame for the outbreak on the Emperor Justinian, declaring him to be either a devil, or invoking God’s punishment for his evil ways. This unscientific perception often led to disastrous responses that resulted in the deaths of thousands, if not millions. In many ancient societies, people believed that spirits and gods inflicted disease and destruction upon those that deserved their wrath. MaUpdate: Due to popular request, we’ve also visualized how the death tolls of each pandemic stack up as a share of total estimated global populations at the time. Healthcare improvements and understanding the factors that incubate pandemics have been powerful tools in mitigating their impact. Some, such as the Plague of Justinian and Swine Flu, are subject to debate based on new evidence.ĭespite the persistence of disease and pandemics throughout history, there’s one consistent trend over time – a gradual reduction in the death rate. Note: Many of the death toll numbers listed above are best estimates based on available research. Here are some of the major pandemics that have occurred over time: Nameīelieved to be either smallpox or measlesĬoronavirus – Unknown (possibly pangolins)Ħ.9M (Johns Hopkins University estimate as of March 1, 2023) The more civilized humans became – with larger cities, more exotic trade routes, and increased contact with different populations of people, animals, and ecosystems – the more likely pandemics would occur. Malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, smallpox, and others first appeared during these early years. ![]() Widespread trade created new opportunities for human and animal interactions that sped up such epidemics. However, it was not until the marked shift to agrarian communities that the scale and spread of these diseases increased dramatically. Disease and illnesses have plagued humanity since the earliest days, our mortal flaw.
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![]() Details of coverage or limits vary in some states. This content is only a general description of coverages and is not a statement of contract. In-app setup with beacon required for Mobile.Īctual annual premiums for Renters insurance will vary depending on coverages selected, amounts of coverage, deductibles, and other factors. A discount may not be available in North Carolina, depending on individual facts and circumstances. Representative in the agent's office, or by contacting the State Farm toll-free customer serviceįor Drive Safe & Save, discounts may exceed 30% and vary state-to-state (New York capped at 30%). To make policy changes or request additional coverage, please speak with a licensed Insurance coverage cannot be bound or changed via submission of this online e-mail form or via ![]() By continuing, you agree to the terms of the Your consent is not a condition of purchase. You further agree that such contact may be made using anĪutomatic telephone dialing system and/or prerecorded voice (message and data rates may apply). The phone number and/or email address you have provided to State Farm, even if your phone number Or an independent contractor State Farm agent regarding insurance products and services using State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates ("State Farm") Or legal advisor for advice regarding your personal circumstances.By filling out the form, you are providing express consent by electronic signature that you mayīe contacted by telephone (via call and/or text messages) and/or email for marketing purposes by Neither State Farm nor its agents provide tax or legal advice. Which provide banking and insurance products. is a separate entity from those State Farm entities Issued by: State Farm Life Insurance Company (Not licensed in MA, NY or WI) State Farm Life and Accident Assurance Company (Licensed in NY and WI) Home Office, Bloomington, IL Each State Farm insurer has sole financial responsibility for its own products. For more details on coverage, costs, restrictions, and renewability, or to apply for coverage, contact a local State Farm agent. Insurance policies and/or associated riders and features may not be available in all states, and policy terms and conditions may vary by state. A complete statement of coverage is found only in the policy. This is only a general description of coverage. Representative in the agent's office, or by contacting the State Farm toll-free customer service ![]() By filling out the form, you are providing express consent by electronic signature that you mayīe contacted by telephone (via call and/or text messages) and/or email for marketing purposes by ![]() (For more about non-alcoholic spirits, check out this article. Ritual Tequila Alternative and Lyre’s Agave Blanco are widely available and easy to find online. If you prefer a sourer cocktail, consider cutting the agave nectar to a quarter of an ounce.Īs is the case with any spirit, different non-alcoholic tequila brands will affect the balance of your drink. To give your virgin margarita the same backbone and bold citrus flavors as the original, juice your oranges and limes fresh, and play with the balance of fruits and sweetener. Either way, the market for non-alcoholic beverages is predicted to hit $1.25 billion by 2027. Some credit this to the evolution of cocktail culture, others to wellness or even pandemic trends. ![]() Non-alcoholic spirits are increasingly available, too, from independent retailers to websites with national distribution. While there are ways to create this mocktail using tea or even pickle juice, non-alcoholic tequila gives this virgin margarita recipe the perfect amount of vegetal tang.
![]() This tree has a spectacular bright red bark that stands out in any season! 'Baton Rouge' translates from French to English as "red stick" and this describes its interesting habit. It is noted as a cultivar of Acer palmatum that has does very well in full sun for the South. This brilliant mid-sized tree is extremely heat tolerant and originates just outside of Houston, Texas. 'Baton Rouge' is an interesting new cultivar that is very hard to find. 'Wild Fire' was found by one of our good friends, Jason Stevens. 'Wild Fire' is a brand new selection that is projected to reach 15 ft in 20 years. The tree is a spectrum of color of yellows to reds. The golden yellows infuse into orange which infuse to colors of bright fiery red on the outer branches. Toward the base of the tree, the bark is bright golden yellow to golden orange. The bark on 'Wild Fire' is noted for having two primary tones. The real interest in this tree lies in its 'winter interest'. It has small chartreuse green leaves which turn to bright golden yellows to orange in the fall. Perhaps one of the most aptly named maples, 'Wild Fire' is sure to light up the garden. 'Aoyagi' may reach up to 12 ft in height in 15 years. From our best understanding, "Aoyagi" translates as "green coral" which refers to green color of the bark. ![]() For a unique color contrast in the winter garden plant near coral bark and yellow bark Japanese maples. Like the coral bark selections, the green barked Japanese maple really shows off in winter. Fall color is a bright neon yellow overtop of the chartreuse green bark. 'Aoyagi' has bright chartreuse green leaves that illuminate over the bright chartreuse green bark. This amazing coral bark Japanese maple tree is sure to add year-round color to your garden and become one of favorites to photograph in any season. The bright warm colors of the red bark stand out so nicely accompanied by snowfall and this is one of our personal favorite times to view the beauty of ‘Sango kaku’. The cool temperatures brighten the coral bark Japanese maple as it adds amazing color even late in winter after all the other garden colors are gone. It may surprise you to find out that we enjoy ‘Sango kaku’ the most after the leaves had dropped. ‘Sango kaku’ can reach up to 20-25 ft over time. Heavy shade tends to wash out the bark color on some coral barks. ‘Sango kaku’ grows best in sun to filtered light. The golden-yellow contrast magnificently with the coral bark. The fall color of ‘Sango kaku’ is a beautiful bright gold-yellow with hints of red splashed in. This Japanese maple tree has a spectacular bright red bark that stands out in any time of the year! The leaf of 'Sango kaku' in the early spring is a vibrant lush green and new growth often has light flushing of red on the edging. ‘Sango kaku’ is a beautiful large coral bark Japanese maple. ![]() ![]() Spring Batch is a lightweight, comprehensive batch framework. Batch processing is a technique which processes data in large group or volume with minimal interaction, instead of a single data element. Spring batch is one of the core module of Spring framework used for developing robust batch applications. How do I know if Spring Batch is running.What is ExecutionContext in Spring Batch. ![]() What is default chunk size in Spring Batch.What is the difference between Tasklet and chunk in Spring Batch.What is a JobRepository in Spring Batch.What is an ItemProcessor in Spring Batch.Explain the Spring Batch Architecture framework.What is the use of Spring Batch? or When to use Spring Batch?.If (Vector3.Distance(transform.position, ansform. Unity calls the Update method several times per second, so if you don’t need a task to be repeated quite so often, you can put it in a coroutine to get a regular update but not every single frame.įor example, you can might have an alarm in your application that warns the player if an enemy is nearby with the following code: bool Proximit圜heck() You can use WaitForSeconds to spread an effect over a period of time, and you can use it as an alternative to including the tasks in the Update method. If you want to introduce a time delay, use WaitForSeconds: IEnumerator Fade() Coroutine time delayīy default, Unity resumes a coroutine on the frame after a yield statement. The loop counter in the Fade function maintains its correct value over the lifetime of the coroutine, and any variable or parameter is preserved between yield statements. To set a coroutine running, you need to use the StartCoroutine function: void Update() The yield return nullline is the point where execution pauses and resumes in the following frame. In C#, you declare a coroutine like this: IEnumerator Fade()Ī coroutine is a method that you declare with an IEnumerator return type and with a yield return statement included somewhere in the body. However, it can be more convenient to use a coroutine for this kind of task. To work around this situation, you could add code to the Update function that executes the fade on a frame-by-frame basis. The intermediate values are never displayed, and the object disappears instantly. However, this example method executes in its entirety within a single frame update. To make the fading visible, you must reduce the alpha of the fade over a sequence of frames to display the intermediate values that Unity renders. In this example, the Fade method doesn’t have the effect you might expect. Coroutine exampleĪs an example, consider the task of gradually reducing an object’s alpha (opacity) value until it becomes invisible: void Fade()įor (float alpha = 1f alpha >= 0 alpha -= 0.1f) It’s best to use coroutines if you need to deal with long asynchronous operations, such as waiting for HTTP transfers, asset loads, or file I/O to complete. If you want to use multi-threaded code within Unity, consider the C# Job System. If you want to reduce the amount of CPU time spent on the main thread, it’s just as important to avoid blocking operations in coroutines as in any other script code. Synchronous operations that run within a coroutine still execute on the main thread. However, it’s important to remember that coroutines aren’t threads. In situations where you would like to use a method call to contain a procedural animation or a sequence of events over time, you can use a coroutine. This means that any action that takes place within a method must happen within a single frame update. In most situations, when you call a method, it runs to completion and then returns control to the calling method, plus any optional return values. In Unity, a coroutine is a method that can pause execution and return control to Unity but then continue where it left off on the following frame. A coroutine allows you to spread tasks across several frames. ![]()
![]() PSI is Pounds-Per-Square-Inch and it is the force required to Right size for routine automotive maintenance - there are two significantįirst is PSI. Separate the abilities of these different machines - and to help you get the ![]() Units that are part of emergency jumpstart packs and are used to air up yourĬar tires, to large, rotary pumps that are used in industrial systems. Important specificationsĬompressors come in all shapes and sizes. Reserve of air is then available for your use. In the tank and turns off the compressor when it reaches a target pressure. A pressure switch monitors the pressure build-up You spend less time arguing with bolts and more time getting your work done.Ĭompressors consist of a small, motor-driven pump that collects the surroundingĪir and pumps it into a tank. Wrenches with torque ratings over 1,000 foot-pounds are common. Tools also offer higher torque ratings than their electric counterparts. Shavings of the mechanic’s shop, pneumatic tools are more resilient and less ![]() The electric motors that can get gummed up with the grease and the metal However, pneumatic offers unmatched, reliable power. The world of cordless impact wrenches, it might seem archaic to talk about airĬompressors. Them, it may force you to over-stress the compressor and burn it out. In this category, it is possible to buy a compressor that is too small to power your tools.Ĭompressor that is too small will fail to run your tools or, if it does run We are going to be looking for something affordable, small, and easily portable. The rest of us working from our home garage are more conscientious of how much space we have. Industrial-sized compressors will be able to handle any task but may use moreĮnergy than is needed, making them more expensive to run. Of shop space and cash enjoy splurging on larger, 60-gallon air compressors Decrease Font Size Increase Font Size Text Size Print This Page Send by Email Photo: PixabayĬonundrum is a common one: you save up the money for your first pneumatic (airīefore you buy that wrench, you have to find the right air compressor.Įasy to buy an air compressor that’s too large or too small. Lucky Charm – Does she bring you luck wherever you go? If so, she may just be your “lucky charm.”Ĥ7. My All – If she means everything to you, this is the perfect name for her.Ĥ6. Cookie – So sweet and good that you just want to eat her all up.Ĥ5. Bright Eyes – Eyes that are bright and beautiful deserve a fitting nickname, such as bright eyes.Ĥ4. Hot Mama – Another funny name to use when she is looking her best.Ĥ3. Precious – A person so valuable that you never want them to leave.Ĥ2. Flower Child – Meant for a woman that is a flower child: a person that loves the earth and wants nothing but peace.Ĥ1. Cutie Patootie – An affectionate name for someone that is as cute as a button.Ĥ0. Doodle Bug – If she is a painter or someone that likes to draw, you may call her “doodle bug.”ģ9. Sunshine – The light of your life and the warmth of your world.ģ8. Hot-stuff – When she is looking hot and sexy, let her know with this nickname.ģ7. Cinderella – The princess of your heart.ģ6. ![]() Wifey – If she means a lot to you and you plan on getting married, “wifey” is a good choice.ģ5. Cinnamon – The girl that is so sweet and so good that the only word to call her is a spice often found in cakes and cinnamon buns.ģ4. Diamond – Pure perfection with a smile that can rival even the world’s most beautiful jewel: a diamond.ģ3. Bub is the name to use when you are very comfortable being with her.ģ2. Summer – Bright and radiant like the summer sun.ģ1. Donut – The choice for someone that is sweet and round.ģ0. Magic – A personal nickname that often relates to how you see her – like magic.Ģ9. Angel – There is no girl in the world that wouldn’t want to be called an angel.Ģ8. Button – Cute and small like a button.Ģ7. Happiness – She is what happiness means to you.Ģ5. Daisy – Bright as the sun, and delicate as a flower.Ģ4. Juliet – The ideal name for the romantic. Queen – She is the queen of your heart, so don’t let her forget it.Ģ2. Pumpkin – There is no real meaning to this name, but it is often used among couples.Ģ1. Sweetheart – Your girl has a sweet heart, so remind her of it often.Ģ0. Honey Bunny – Sweet as honey, and cuddly and cute like a bunny.ġ9. This is a great name that isn’t too mushy but still hits the right chords with any girl.ġ8. Love of my Life – More of a beautiful saying than a real nickname.ġ7. Pet – Cute and cuddly just like she is.ġ6. Pancakes – A pet name with no real meaning.ġ5. Dreamboat – She’s a boat filled with dreams.ġ4. Babe – A babe means a girl that is beautiful, so it describes her perfectly.ġ3. Angel Eyes – The eyes of an angel are something that every girl strives for, but they are meant only for your special lady.ġ2. Doll Face – Beautiful and flaw-free is what doll face means.ġ1. ![]() Kitten – Playful, cute and sweet describes her – and a kitten, of course.ġ0. Fruit Loop – A playful name that should be used with caution.ĩ. Sweet Little Dumpling – A woman with a curvy figure that likes to show off her curves will appreciate this one.Ĩ. Bubble Butt – This is self-explanatory, but be careful: she may get mad.ħ. ![]() ![]() Honey Bunch – Nothing is sweeter than honey, except your woman.Ħ. Cuddle Bug – The perfect name to call her when cuddling together and watching a movie.ĥ. Darling – A timeless name to call her at any age.Ĥ. Cute Pie – A name for the girl that is cute and sweet as pie.ģ. Calling a woman gorgeous is always a good nickname.Ģ. Gorgeous – This is a name that is evergreen. ![]() By watching this, we get a greater understanding of how all volcanoes work. And it’s the first time we’ve been able to see the breathing of a volcano. “In simple terms,” Kyle concludes, “Erebus breathes. In sync with this oscillating gas chemistry, emerging data show, the lava lake’s surface experiences a rhythmic 2- to 3-meter rise and fall. The proportion of different gases changed in a pattern that repeated every 10 to 18 minutes. Several years ago, Erebus watchers stumbled upon subtle cyclic variations in the gases emanating from the lava lake. The bubbles’ size and content offer valuable clues to their origin - and the volcano’s stability. Effectively Erebus’ blood gases, these volatile chemicals rocket up from below Earth’s crust. ![]() To understand it all, Kyle and his colleagues focus on water vapor and other gases that bubble up through the magma. Its conditions affect whether Erebus just exhales streams of carbon-rich gas or snorts out the occasional car-sized lava bomb. With an ever evolving battery of physical and chemical tests, these Erebus observers have been probing the volcano’s dynamic plumbing system beneath the magma chamber. That’s why Kyle - one of the most seasoned of Erebus watchers - has trekked to Antarctica annually for four decades.Īlong with shifting teams of other researchers, Kyle collects the volcano’s vital signs in an ongoing effort to gain clues to its inner workings - clues that might help scientists understand volcanoes elsewhere on the planet. And ironically, Kyle says, Erebus is perhaps the most accessible of such volcanoes - with the best logistical support thanks to transportation and other resources available through NSF at McMurdo. Only a few volcanoes, like Erebus, have lava lakes that have been open to the sky for decades, making them prime spots for the study of volcano behavior. ![]() In most volcanoes, magma hides beneath a rocky cap. The lava in the lake rises up from inside a magma chamber somewhere deep below the primary crater on Erebus. The magma chamber is the heart of a volcano it controls and governs all eruptions. “This lava lake is a window into the volcano and its magma chamber,” says volcanologist Philip Kyle of New Mexico Tech in Socorro. Few, however, have scaled the nearly 3,800-meter summit to peer into its churning pool of molten rock - a lake of lava roiling at roughly 1,000° Celsius. Some 1,300 summer residents at the National Science Foundation’s McMurdo research station 35 kilometers away can revel in the picture-postcard backdrop that Erebus offers. This ice-covered cone belongs to a small chain of otherwise dormant peaks that make up Ross Island. As it rises through the crust it can change composition before finally reaching the upper volcano system (inset) and migrating to the magma chamber and lava lake, located 2 to 4 kilometers above sea level. THE RISE OF MAGMA | Molten rock begins its upward journey deep inside the mantle. Oppenheimerįeldspar crystals mined from lava bombs contain clues to the composition of the volcano’s magma. Scientists point a variety of instruments at the lava lake to measure its appearance, gas emissions and sounds. Zandomeneghi et al/Journal of Geophysical Research A topographical map shows 12 detonation sites and the locations of seismometers that record the shock waves generated by the explosions, which give clues to the density of materials within the volcano and aid in mapping its inner workings. SEISMIC EVIDENCE Scientists drill in order to plant an explosive charge. Most lava bombs contain crystallized feldspar. Nelia Dunbar pokes a lava bomb freshly catapulted from the lake. From the rim, scientists can watch - and listen to - lava that has risen from the magma chamber. Feliciano Ridvan EFE/ShutterStockĮrebus’ lava lake is open to the sky and easy to observe. From the rim they observe the lava lake below, measure its emissions and probe Erebus’ plumbing system. Researchers travel from McMurdo Station to a research base near the top of the volcano. MOUNTAINTOP LAB | Mount Erebus, Earth’s southernmost active volcano and one of four moutains that form Ross Island, rises from Antarctica’s Ross Sea. Wind-blown clouds of steam rise year-round from a lava lake atop Mount Erebus, the planet’s southernmost active volcano.Įrebus’ lava lake churns beneath a cloud of gas and water vapor, yielding clues to the volcano’s inner workings. MCMURDO STATION, ANTARCTICA - Even when the December sun beats down 24 hours a day, most of Antarctica remains cold, if not brutally frigid. ![]() “This is almost like showing good and evil as two sides of the same kind.”ĭay/night cycles may no longer be lighting up the E3 stage, but these days they’ve become metaphors for understanding our own duality. “The ‘flood of light’ changed the perception that night is scary and darkness is evil, to a realisation that the coming of night is normal, and its presence makes daylight look more beautiful,” Yoshida says. “So I’m glad we didn’t go with that idea.”Īs players progressed through the story, that light receded, and eventually the night returned. “If it was a world with no daylight, the game would become too depressing and the darkness would tire out the players,” he says. ![]() Although, as Yoshida points out, the reverse would have been worse. ![]() The atmosphere was one of decadence - the definition of too much of a good thing. Square Enix designed its Everlasting Light to feel oppressive its clouds were drawn thick and yellow, based on the sky of Guam rather than Japan, and between them blinding god rays pierced through. It took place in a world where night never comes - an unnatural state of affairs that players fought to correct throughout its adventure. Which is why Final Fantasy XIV’s third expansion, Shadowbringers, was such an eerie prospect. “Daytime gives the impression of a safe and beautiful world,” he says, “while night time gives a mysterious impression that stirs the thrill of the adventure.” But Yoshida believes the cycle offers more than altered fauna. There are practical reasons to play Final Fantasy XIV at night, like the fish that only emerge once the light dwindles. “So the day and night cycle will be dispersed.” “This way, even if a player logs in and out of the game at set times every day, there will be a misalignment with real time,” Yoshida says. Not only are players likely to experience change from day to night during a single session, but the rhythm of that change is slightly displaced from our own circadian clock. For that reason, Final Fantasy XIV’s day/night cycle lasts for just 70 minutes. While it would be tempting to tie an MMO to a 24 hour clock, Square Enix has found that individual players tend to log in at a particular time of day and rarely deviate from that schedule. “With MMORPGs such as FFXIV, the transition of time is essential for players to feel a strong connection with the game and that they are living in that world in real time.” “If a game is a high-speed, thrilling, rollercoaster-like experience from beginning to end like an action movie, day/night cycles are merely a tool that supports the excitement,” director Naoki Yoshida tells me. Initially it performed a traditional role, contributing to the world’s sense of place. In Final Fantasy XIV, the purpose of the day/night cycle has twisted over time. One such studio was Square Enix Business Division 5, the outfit behind Final Fantasy XIV - an MMO which has enjoyed extraordinary success since its reboot in 2013 as A Realm Reborn. But some studios continued to work their light magic, pushing the art in new directions. We stopped talking about day/night cycles, and they simply became part of the baseline standard expected from all AAA developers. It no longer seemed remarkable for the sun to go down, and the novelty of stumbling blindly through a dark forest with no hope of spotting loot wore thin. They marked the rise of RPG life simulations where you could sit down for an evening game of Gwent once the battle was done.īut then, as it always does, technology moved on. While it’s hard to gauge the tangible effects of ray tracing on PS5 games, day/night cycles suggested true living worlds, a step beyond the baked levels that had come before. Why were these timelapse trailers the toast of 2008? Because they demonstrated not just graphical progress, but real change in the way we experienced games. You can still find those videos on YouTube - soothing timelapses in which dappled light gives way to long shadows, the beige beauty of sunset, and finally stars in the sky. They were front and centre of marketing campaigns, the subject of dedicated trailers. That’s why games gave us the gift of day/night cycles.įor a while there, day/night cycles were how developers promoted their games. Unfortunately, everyone also knows that getting up at 3am is a terrific ballache you’ll be paying for all week. Everyone knows that watching the sun come up is a profound and grounding experience, a simple balm that nature will continue to offer until the heat death of the universe. |
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